Greek diaspora

The Greek diaspora, also known as Hellenic Diaspora[1] or Diaspora of Hellenism[2], is a term used to refer to the communities of Greek people living outside the traditional Greek homelands, but more commonly in southeast Europe and Asia Minor. Members of the diaspora can be identified as those who themselves, or whose ancestors, migrated from the Greek homelands.[3]

Contents

History

Ancient times

In ancient times, the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, establishing Greek city states in Sicily, southern Italy, northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black sea coasts. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies.[4] , Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa, with Greek ruling classes established in Egypt, southwest Asia and northwest India.[5]

Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as what are now Uzbekistan, the northern Indian subcontinent (including modern-day Pakistan),[6] and Kuwait.[7] The Hellenistic cities of Seleucia, Antioch and Alexandria were among the largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times.[8] Under the Roman Empire movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The Roman Empire became Christianized in the fourth century AD, and in the late Byzantine period practice of the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a defining hallmark of Greek identity.[9]

Middle Ages

In the seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Greeks continued to live around the Levant, Mediterranean and Black Sea maintaining a Greek identity amongst local populations as traders, officials and settlers. Soon after, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate conquered the Levant, Egypt, North Africa and southern Italy from the Byzantine Greeks during the Byzantine–Arab Wars. The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science in medieval Islam, which in turn contributed to Byzantine science. Members of the Greek diaspora living under Islamic rule occasionally converted to Islam, most notably Al-Khazini in the 12th century.

Fall of Byzantium and exodus to Italy

After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople and found refuge in Italy, bringing with them many ancient Greek writings that had been lost in the West. These helped contribute to the European Renaissance. Most of these Greeks settled in Venice, Florence and Rome.

Modern times

19th Century

During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the Diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno, Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and St Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the whole extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox church.[10] As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become shippers, financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers. With economic success the Diaspora expanded further across the Levant, North Africa, India and the USA.[11]

After the Treaty of Constantinople the political situation stabilised somewhat, and some of the displaced families moved back to the newly-independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Finance and assistance from overseas were channelled through these family ties, and helped provide institutions such as the National Library, and sent relief after natural disasters.

20th Century

In the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Georgia, Armenia, Italy, Russia, Chile, Argentina, Mexico and South Africa, especially after World War II (1939–45), the Greek Civil War (1946–49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974.[3]

After World War I most Greeks living in the territory of modern Turkey were forced or coerced into leaving their homes as part of the population exchange programs between Turkey and Greece. Many came to modern Greece, but The Russian Empire (later USSR) was also a major destination.

After the Greek Civil War some left wing activists and their families moved to the Communist Countries of Europe due to the political situation. Hungary even founded a whole new village, Beloiannisz for Greek immigrants.

Another country to admit Greeks in large numbers was Sweden, where today over 15,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live (see Greeks in Sweden). While many immigrants returned later, these countries still have numerous first and second generation Greeks who maintain their traditions.[3]

The Arab Nationalism of President Nasser of Egypt led to the expulsion of a large Greek population from that country in the 1950s. Until that point Alexandria had been an important centre of Greek culture since antiquity, with the business life of the city dominated by Greeks.

With the fall of Communism in eastern Europe and the USSR, numbers of Greeks of the Diaspora whose Greek ancestry was "removed" for many generations, immigrated to modern Greece's main urban centres of Athens and Thessaloniki, and also to Cyprus. Movements from Georgia were most numerous.[3]

The term Pontic Greeks is used to refer to those who have come from the countries around the Black Sea.

Greek nationality

Main article: Greek nationality law

Any person who is ethnically Greek born outside Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization, providing he/she can prove a parent or grandparent was born as a national of Greece. The Greek ancestor's birth certificate and marriage certificate are required, along with the applicant's birth certificate, and the birth certificates of all generations in between until the relation between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship is proven.

Greek citizenship is acquired by birth by all persons born in Greece, and all persons born to at least one parent who is a registered Greek citizen. Persons born out of wedlock to a father that is a Greek citizen and a mother that is a non-Greek automatically gain Greek citizenship if the father recognizes them as his child before they turn 18.[12][13]

Today

Important centers of the Greek Diaspora today are the New York City metropolitan area,[14] Chicago, London, Melbourne, and Toronto.[3]

The SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad is a dependency of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and has compiled several studies on the Greeks of the diaspora.

The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available it shows around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the Council of overseas Greeks {SAE} put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. The Greek diaspora is also very active as a lobby defending Greek interests, especially in the USA. [15] Integration, intermarriage and loss of the Greek language also influence the definition and self-definition of Greeks of the Diaspora.

To learn more about how factors such as intermarriage and assimilation influence self-identification among young Greeks in the diaspora, and help clarify the estimates of Greeks in the diaspora, the Next Generation Initiative is currently conducting an academically-supervised research study that began in the United States in 2008.

Demographics

These are the numbers of Greeks outside Greece.

Rank Country Capital Number of ethnic Greeks Main article
1  United States Washington D.C. 1,153,307 (2000 census)[16] – 1,350,600 (2008 est.)[17] / 3,000,000[18] Greek American
2 Cyprus Nicosia 635,914 (2001 census) [19] - 689,471 (est.)[20] Greek Cypriots, Greek Cypriot diaspora
3 United Kingdom London 400,000 (2008 est.) Greek Britons
4 Australia Canberra 365,150 (2006 census) [21] - 700,000 (est.)[20] Greek Australian
5 Germany Berlin 294,891 (Greek citizens)[22] - 320,000 (est.) [23] – 370,000 (est.)[20] Greeks in Germany
6 Canada Ottawa 215,105 (2001 census) [24] – 450,000 (est.)[20] Greek Canadians
7 Albania Tirana 300,000 (est.) [25][26] Greeks in Albania
8 South Africa Pretoria 50,000-60,000 [27] - 120,000 (est.) [20] – see also [2] Greeks in South Africa
9 Russia Moscow 97,827 (2002 census) [28] Greeks in Russia
10 Ukraine Kiev 91,500 (2001 census) [29] Greeks in Ukraine
11 Brazil Brasilia 25,000 [30] – 30,000 (est.) [31] 50,000 in Sao Paulo (counting also the descendants)[32] Greeks in Brazil
12 France Paris 35,000 (est.) [33] Greeks in France
13 Argentina Buenos Aires 25,000 (est.) [34] – 30,000 (est.) [35] Greeks in Argentina
14 Italy Rome 20,000 (est.) [20] – 30,000 (est.) [36] Greeks in Italy
15 Mexico Mexico City 25,000 (est.) [37] Greek Mexican
16 Belgium Brussels 15,742 (2007) [38] – 26,474 (est.) [39] Greeks in Belgium
17 Georgia Tbilisi 15,166 (2002 census) [40] Greeks in Georgia
18 Serbia Belgrade 15,000 (est.) [41] Greeks in Serbia
19 Kazakhstan Astana 12,703 (1999 census) [42] Greeks in Kazakhstan
20 Sweden Stockholm 12,000 – 15,000 (est.) [43] Greeks in Sweden
21 Uzbekistan Tashkent 9,500 (est.) [44] Greeks in Uzbekistan
22 Switzerland Bern 8,340 (est.) [20] – 11,000 (est.) [45] Greeks in Switzerland
23 Romania Bucharest 6,513 (2002 census) [46] Greeks in Romania
24 Austria Vienna 5,000 (est.) [47] Greeks in Austria
25 New Zealand Wellington 4,500 (est.) [48] – 10,000 (est.) [20] Greeks in New Zealand
26 Netherlands Amsterdam 4,000 (est.) [20] – 12,500 (est.) [49] Greeks in the Netherlands
27 Egypt Cairo 3,000 - 0.1% Egypt population (est.) [50] – 5,000 [30] Greeks in Egypt
28 Bulgaria Sofia 3,408 (2001 census) [51] – 28,500 [52] Greeks in Bulgaria
29 Czech Republic Prague 3,231 (2001 census) [53] – 7,000 (est.) [54] Greeks in the Czech Republic
30 Moldova Chişinău 3,000 (est.) [55] Greeks in Moldova
31 Hungary Budapest 2,509 (2001 census) [56] – 6,000 (est.) [57] Greeks in Hungary
32 Turkey Ankara 2,500 (est.) [58] Greeks in Turkey
33 Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 1,900 (est.) [59]
34 Norway Oslo 1,671 (est.) [60] Greeks in Norway
35 Lebanon Beirut 1,500-2,500 (est.) [20][61] Greeks in Lebanon
36 Oman Muscat 1,500 (est.) [20]
37 Chile Santiago 1,500[62] Greeks in Chile
38 Poland Warsaw 1,404 (2002 census) [63] Greeks in Poland
39 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 1,300 (est.) [20] Greeks in Saudi Arabia
40 Luxembourg Luxembourg 1,571 (01/07/2009) [64]
41 Cameroon Yaoundé 1,200 (est.) [20]
42 Armenia Yerevan 1,176 (2002 census) [65] Greeks in Armenia
43 Venezuela Caracas 1,148 (est.) [66]
44 Zimbabwe Harare 1,100 (est.) [67] Greeks in Zimbabwe
45 Uruguay Montevideo 1,000 (est.) [20] – 2,000 (est.) [68] Greeks in Uruguay
46 Syria Damascus 1,000 (est.) [20] Greeks in Syria
47 Panama Panama City 800 (est.) [20] – 1,000 (est.) [68]
48 Zambia Lusaka 800 (est.) [69] Greeks in Zambia
49 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek 650 – 700 (est.) [70] Greeks in Kyrgyzstan
50 Denmark Copenhagen 500 (est.) [20] – 1,000 (est.) [71] Greeks in Denmark
51 Finland Helsinki 500 (est.) [72]
52 Ethiopia Addis Ababa 500 (est.) [73] Greeks in Ethiopia
53 Uganda Kampala 436 (est.) [74]
54 Republic of Macedonia Skopje 422 (2002 census) [75] Greeks in the Republic of Macedonia
55 Jordan Amman 400 (est.) [20] – 600 (est.) [76]
56 Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa 300 (est.) [77] Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
57 Spain Madrid 300 (est.) [20] – 1,500 – 2,000 (est.) [78]
58 Bahamas Nassau 300 (est.) [20]
59 Nigeria Abuja 300 (est.) [79]
60 Tanzania Dodoma 300 (est.) [20]
61 Barbados Bridgetown 300 (est.) [80]
62 The Gambia Banjul 300 (est.) [81]
63 Costa Rica San José 290 (est.)[82]; 80 (est.) [83]
64 Israel Jerusalem 250 (est.) [84] (non-Jewish Greek only, including the Palestinian Territories)
65 Sudan Khartoum 250 (est.) [85]
66 Azerbaijan Baku 250 – 300 (est.) [86]
67 Lithuania Vilnius 250 (est.) [87]
68 Malawi Lilongwe 200 (est.) [88]
69 Colombia Bogotá, D.C. 200 (est.) [20]
70 Ireland Dublin 200 (est.) [20] – for further information, see [3]
71 Kenya Nairobi 200 (est.) [20]
72 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 200 (est.) [20]
73 Morocco Rabat 180 (est.) [83]
74 Peru Lima -
75 Portugal Lisbon 150 (est.) [83] – 240 (est.) [90]
76 Botswana Gaborone 150 (est.) [83]
77 Djibouti Djibouti City 150 (est.) [83]
78 Estonia Tallinn 150 (est.) [91]
79 Hong Kong – 150 (est.) [83]
80 Kuwait Kuwait City 140 (est.) [92]
81 Latvia Riga 100 (est.) [93]
82 Japan Tokyo 100 (est) [83] – 300 (est.) [94]
83 Bolivia La Paz 100 (est.) [95]
84 People's Republic of China Beijing 100 (est.) [96]
85  Philippines Manila 100 (estimated)[97]
86 Indonesia Jakarta 72 (est.) [98]
87 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 70 (est.) [83]
88 Iran Tehran 60 (est.) [83] – 80 (est.) [99]
89 Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro 60 (est.) [83]
90 Madagascar Antananarivo 60 (est.) [83]
91 Slovenia Ljubljana 54 (2002 census) [100]
92 Croatia Zagreb 50 (est.) [101]
93 Tunisia Tunis 50 (est.) [83]
94 Senegal Dakar 50 (est.) [83]
95 Thailand Bangkok 50 (mainly made out of businessmen) [102]
96 Central African Republic Bangui 40 (est.) [83]
97 Qatar Doha 40 (est.) [83]
98 Singapore – 40 (est.) [103]
99 Malta Valletta 35 – 40 (est.) [104]
100 Cuba Havana 30 (est.) [83]
101 Algeria Algiers 30 (est.) [83]
102 Eritrea Asmara 30 (est.) [83]
103 Slovakia Bratislava 100 [105]
104 Paraguay Asunción 20 (est.) [83] – 25 (est.) [103]
105 Chad N'Djamena 20 (est.) [83]
106 Ecuador Quito 20 (est.) [83]
107 Guatemala Guatemala City 20 (est.) [83]
108 Mozambique Maputo 20 (est.) [83]
109 Namibia Windhoek 20 (est.) [83]
110 Togo Lomé 20 (est.) [83]
111 Taiwan Taipei 20 (est.) [83]
112 Republic of the Congo Brazzaville 10 (est.) [83]
113 Belarus Minsk unknown – for further information, see [4]
114 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 14 (est.) [106]
115 Vietnam Hanoi 10 (est.) [107]

Well known Greeks of the diaspora

Well known people in the Greek diaspora include:

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.pellapublishing.com/johd.php
  2. ^ http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Diaspora+Hellenism/
  3. ^ a b c d e Richard Clogg, The Greek diaspora in the twentieth century, 2000, Macmillan, ISBN 0333600479
  4. ^ Early development of Greek society
  5. ^ Hellenistic Civilization
  6. ^ "Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of Saurashtra and the harbour Barukaccha. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101
  7. ^ Failaka Island
  8. ^ "Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millennium BC (application/pdf Object)". www.princeton.edu. http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 
  9. ^ Peregrine Horden, Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History,2000, Blackwell Publishin, ISBN 0631218904
  10. ^ Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou, Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History, 2000, p.147, Macmillan, ISBN 0333600479
  11. ^ Vassilis Kardasis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775-1861,2001, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739102451
  12. ^ "Citizenship". allthegreeks.com. http://www.allthegreeks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=236:citizenship&catid=11:citizenship&Itemid=22. 
  13. ^ "Loss of Citizenship". allthegreeks.com. http://www.allthegreeks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=237:loss-of-citizenship&catid=11:citizenship&Itemid=22. 
  14. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009 - Supplemental Table 2". http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR09.shtm. Retrieved 2010-04-24. 
  15. ^ Alexander Kitroeff & Stephanos Constantinides, 'The Greek-Americans and US Foreign Policy Since 1950' Etudes helléniques/ Hellenic Studies, vol.6,no.1, Printemps/Spring 1998
  16. ^ "QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000". United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 
  17. ^ "C04003. Total ancestry reported". United States Census Bureau. 2008. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_C04003&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 
  18. ^ "Greece (08/09)". United States Department of State. August 2009. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-01. "An estimated three million American residents in the United States claim Greek descent." 
  19. ^ 2001 census, in Cypriot government-controlled area.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
  21. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006
  22. ^ Federal Statistical Office - Foreign Population
  23. ^ Germany: Greek population in Germany
  24. ^ See List of Canadians by ethnicity
  25. ^ Eastern Europe at the end of the 20th century, Ian Jeffries, p. 69
  26. ^ The Greeks: the land and people since the war. James Pettifer. Penguin, 2000. ISBN 0140288996
  27. ^ Greek Foreign Ministry
  28. ^ Norwegian Institute of International Affairs: Centre for Russian Studies: 2002 census
  29. ^ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine: 2001 census
  30. ^ a b Γενικα Στοιχεια Διασπορασ
  31. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Brazil: The Greek Community
  32. ^ "Histórico de Hospedaria" (in portuguese). Memorial do Inmigrante, government of Sao Paulo. http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/index.htm. (click on "Estatísticas Gerais: Imigrantes e Descendentes")
  33. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: France: The Greek Community
  34. ^ ONI: Colectividad Griega (Spanish)
  35. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Argentina: The Greek Community
  36. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Italy: The Greek Community
  37. ^ Comunidad Helenica de Mexico: The Greek side of Mexico
  38. ^ Ecodata: Greek Citizens
  39. ^ Npdata:Greek Ancestry
  40. ^ Eurominority: Greeks in Georgia
  41. ^ Glas Javnosti: Nama su samo Srbi braća
  42. ^ Japan External Trade Organization: Institute of Developing Economies: Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan
  43. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sweden: The Greek Community
  44. ^ Central Asia – Caucasus analyst: Greeks in Uzbekistan
  45. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Switzerland: The Greek Community
  46. ^ ClubAfaceri: 2002 (Romanian) census
  47. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Austria: The Greek Community
  48. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: New Zealand: The Greek Community
  49. ^ According to the Netherlands Statistical Service, quoted by: Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Netherlands: The Greek Community
  50. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Egypt: The Greek Community
  51. ^ Republic of Bulgaria: National Statistical Institute: 2001 census
  52. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bulgaria: The Greek Community
  53. ^ Office of the Czech Republic Government: Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001
  54. ^ According to the Association of Greek Communities in the Czech Republic quoted by the Office of the Czech Republic Government: Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001
  55. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Moldova
  56. ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office: 2001 census
  57. ^ Eurominority: Greeks in Hungary
  58. ^ However according to the Human Rights Watch the Greek population in Turkey is estimated at 2,500 in 2006. "From “Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity” series of Human Rights Watch" Human Rights Watch, 2 July 2006.
  59. ^ Ethnic people groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  60. ^ Statistics Norway: Norway: The Greek Community
  61. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Lebanon
  62. ^ http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Latin+America-Caribbean/Bilateral+Relations/Chile/
  63. ^ See Demographics of Poland
  64. ^ Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg - Etat civil et population du Luxembourg [1]
  65. ^ National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia: 2002 census
  66. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Venezuela: The Greek Community
  67. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zimbabwe: The Greek Community
  68. ^ a b Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Uruguay: The Greek Community
  69. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zambia
  70. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kyrgyzstan: The Greek Community
  71. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Denmark: The Greek Community
  72. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Finland: The Greek Community
  73. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia: The Greek Community
  74. ^ Census 2002
  75. ^ State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia: Total population, households and dwellings according to the territorial organization of the Republic of Macedonia, 2004.
  76. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Jordan: The Greek Community
  77. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Democratic Republic of Congo: The Greek Community
  78. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Spain: The Greek Community
  79. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Nigeria: The Greek Community
  80. ^ Greek ethnic populations in all countries
  81. ^ Ethnic people groups of the Gambia
  82. ^ Los Griegos en Costa Rica
  83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
  84. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Israel: The Greek Community
  85. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sudan: The Greek Community
  86. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Azerbaijan: The Greek Community
  87. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Lithuania: The Greek Community
  88. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malawi: The Greek Community
  89. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Peru: The Greek Community
  90. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Portugal: The Greek Community
  91. ^ Estonian Statistical Office: Estonia: The Greek Community
  92. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kuwait: The Greek Community
  93. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Latvia: The Greek Community
  94. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Japan: The Greek Community
  95. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bolivia: The Greek Community
  96. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: China: The Greek Community
  97. ^ "BILATERAL RELATIONS GREECE-PHILIPPINES". www.mfa.gr. http://www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Asia+-+Oceania/Bilateral+Relations/Philippines/. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 
  98. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Indonesia: The Greek Community
  99. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Iran: The Greek Community
  100. ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Census of population, households and housing 2002
  101. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Croatia: The Greek Community
  102. ^ Greece-Thailand relations
  103. ^ a b Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Singapore: The Greek Community
  104. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malta: The Greek Community
  105. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Slovakia
  106. ^ Dominican Republic-Greece relations
  107. ^ Greek-Vietnamese relations

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